In the timeline we are most familiar with, it is the British Empire that came to dominate global politics, building a massive colonial empire and industrializing before any other state in the world. The Dutch Empire (Dutch: Nederlands-koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and, later, the modern Netherlands from the 17th century to the mid-1950s. [2], The imperial ambitions of the Dutch were bolstered by the strength of their existing shipping industry, as well as the key role they played in the expansion of maritime trade between Europe and the Orient. Though the Dutch would again take New Netherland in 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, it was returned to England the following year, thereby ending Dutch rule in continental North America, but leaving behind a large Dutch community under English rule that persisted with its language, church and customs until the mid-18th century. [106] In 2014, inspired by the success of teams with dual nationals, especially Algeria, SVB president John Krishnadath submitted a proposal to the national assembly to allow dual citizenship for athletes with the then-goal of reaching the 2018 FIFA World Cup finals. In 1628, Piet Heyn captured the entire Spanish treasure fleet, and made off with a vast fortune in precious metals and goods that enabled the Company two years later to pay its shareholders a cash dividend of 70%,[34] though the Company was to have relatively few other successes against the Spanish. Dutch Empire and Colonies of India. Dutch were the first to break through the Portuguese monopoly in the east. Malacca finally succumbed in 1641 (after a second attempt to capture it), Colombo in 1656, Ceylon in 1658, Nagappattinam in 1662 and Cranganore and Cochin in 1662.[26]. The Indonesian men's team was the first Asian team to qualify for the FIFA World Cup; in 1938 FIFA World Cup they played as the Dutch East Indies. In return, the British handed over Bencoolen and agreed not to sign treaties with rulers in the "islands south of the Straits of Singapore". [105] Another famous player is André Kamperveen, who captained Suriname in the 1940s and was the first Surinamese to play professionally in the Netherlands. The Dutch sought to dominate the commercial sea trade in Southeast Asia, going so far in pursuit of this goal as to engage in what other nations and powers considered to be little more than piratical activities. Legêne, Susan. A four and a half-year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony. Under its terms, the Netherlands ceded Malacca and their bases in India to the British, and recognized the British claim to Singapore. Dutch-Empire-coloured.png 1,357 × 628; 21 KB. The Dutch Empire (Dutch: het koloniale rijk van Nederland) comprised the overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and, later, the modern Netherlands from the 17th century to the mid-1950s. [101] In 1778 the Dutch brought cacao from the Philippines to Indonesia and commenced mass production. In 1566, a Protestant Dutch revolt[note 1] broke out against rule by Roman Catholic Spain, sparking the Eighty Years' War. Both Britain and the Netherlands were seafaring countries in north-western Europe. [64] The Dutch surrendered two months later in Java, with Indonesians initially welcoming the Japanese as liberators. It was officially renamed in honor of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856. The Dutch were the first to start the spread of the coffee plant in Central and South America, and by the early 19th century Java was the third largest producer in the world. Dutch and German colonies saw relatively scarce European migration, since Dutch and German colonial expansion focused on commercial goals rather than settlement. [24] The Dutch also established a trading post in Ayutthaya, modern day Thailand during the reign of King Naresuan, in 1604. Under the Peace of Paris (1783), Ceylon was returned to the Netherlands and Negapatnam ceded to Britain. The Dutch were the first Europeans to establish a colony in South Africa. Many Suriname-born football players and Dutch-born football players of Surinamese descent, like Gerald Vanenburg, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard, Edgar Davids, Clarence Seedorf, Patrick Kluivert, Aron Winter, Georginio Wijnaldum, Virgil van Dijk and Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink have turned out to play for the Dutch national team. [28] The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the putative Dutch ancestors the Batavians, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies. "Visions of Dutch Empire: Towards a Long-Term Global Perspective." War with the Dutch led to attacks on most of Portugal's far-flung trading network in and around Asia, including Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), and Goa, as well as attacks upon her commercial interests in Japan, Africa (especially Mina), and South America. 18.2 ha island located 2 km at sea from the main harbour of Dakar , famous as a destination for people interested in the Atlantic slave trade although its actual role in the history of the slave trade is the subject of dispute. Dutch architecture can also be found in Sri Lanka, especially in Galle where the Dutch fortification and canal have been retained intact, even to an extent the former tropical Villas of the VOC officials. Years of settlement had left large Portuguese communities under the rule of the Dutch, who were by nature traders rather than colonisers. The revolt resulted in the establishment of an de facto independent Protesta… The settlements were isolated, difficult to reinforce if attacked, and prone to being picked off one by one, but nevertheless, the Dutch only enjoyed mixed success in its attempts to do so. [75], The century and half of Dutch rule in Ceylon (modern day 'Sri Lanka') and southern India left few to no traces of the Dutch language.[76]. [44] In 1655, the nearby colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River was forcibly absorbed into New Netherland after ships and soldiers were sent to capture it by the Dutch governor, Pieter Stuyvesant. The largest stock of these Art Deco building can be found in the city of Bandung, which "architecturally" can considered the most European city in Indonesia. Although the Netherlands only controlled the Hudson River Valley from 1609 until 1664, in that short time, Dutch entrepreneurs established New Netherland, a series of trading posts, towns, and forts up and down the Hudson River that laid the groundwork for towns that still exist today. This was the beginning of an organized Dutch effort to establish colonies and trading posts in North America, South America, and the Caribbean. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world < Dutch Empire. The first Dutch forays into South America took place in Guiana and on the Amazon River, where the Dutch witnessed Indian tobacco production firsthand around 1600. Under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain and France in 1802, the Cape Colony and the islands of the Dutch West Indies that the British had seized were returned to the Republic. Bibliography of Dutch Colonial History 17th-18th century Bibliography of Dutch Colonial History 17th-18th century Asia Far East: China, Taiwan (Formosa), Japan. During the Spanish Empire, approximately 550,000 Spanish settlers migrated to Latin America. Louis was removed from power by Napoleon in 1810, and the country was ruled directly from France until its liberation in 1813. Many of South Africa's major cities have Dutch names i.e. Led by William of Orange, independence was declared in the 1581 Act of Abjuration. Under the subsequent sakoku policy, from 1639 till 1854 (215 years) the Dutch were the only European power allowed to operate in Japan, confined in 1639 to Hirado and then from 1641 at Deshima. In 1806, Napoleon dissolved the Batavian Republic and established a monarchy with his brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne as King of the Netherlands. By attacking Portuguese overseas possessions, the Dutch forced Spain to divert financial and military resources away from its attempt to quell Dutch independence. Resistance against the Dutch colonial empire flared up throughout Indonesia. The Dutch colonial empire (Dutch: Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies (mainly the Dutch West India and the Dutch East India Company) and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815. The rivalry with Portugal, however, was not entirely economic: from 1580, after the death of the King of Portugal, Sebastian I, and much of the Portuguese nobility in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the Portuguese crown had been joined to that of Spain in an "Iberian Union" under the heir of Emperor Charles V, Philip II of Spain. The Dutch Golden Age was an age of wealth and prosperity in the Dutch Republic roughly from 1590-1715. After this defeat, they abandoned their efforts to capture Manila and the Philippines. With the British, the Dutch first built up colonies. In 1830, the Belgian Revolution broke out in the southern half of the Kingdom, leading to the independence of the new state of Belgium. The first is named after the Dutch Prince Willem II van Oranje-Nassau (William of Orange-Nassau) and the two others after the first part of the current Dutch royal dynasty. These were similar to Portugal and Spain. The British attacked the important seaport in … The Burgher people of Sri Lanka and the Indo people of Indonesia as well as the Creoles of Suriname are mixed race people of Dutch descent. The Dutch Empire owned several territories that were in control by the Dutch Republic (also known as the United Provinces). The Schuylkill river that flows into the Delaware at Philadelphia is also a Dutch name meaning hidden or skulking river. Ricklefs (1991), p. 195. Vickers (2005), pp.85, 85. Europe's colonial expansion : colonization of Africa, colonization of Asia, Indian Empire, French Colonial Empire, British Empire, colonies and colonial empires of European countries European Imperialism in the 19th Century The industrial revolution and pressure from a growing population in Europe led to a new phase of colonial expansion. Today, in Suriname, Dutch is the official language[77] and 58 percent of the population speak it as their mother tongue. The Dutch claimed that a treaty signed with the sultan's predecessor the year earlier had granted them control of the region. He first named the island Anthony van Diemen's Land after his sponsor Anthony van Diemen, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. Johannesburg, Kaapstad, Vereeniging, Bloemfontein and Vanderbijlpark. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, Europe's borders were redrawn at the Congress of Vienna. Pages in category "Former Dutch colonies" The following 37 pages are in this category, out of 37 total. Ceylon was not returned to the Dutch and was made a British Crown Colony. This perspective on their imperial past only recently shifted with prime minister Mark Rutte's contentious call for the return of the VOC mentality.[69][70]. With a few notable exceptions, the majority of the Dutch colonial empire's overseas holdings consisted of coastal forts, factories, and port settlements with varying degrees of incorporation of their hinterlands and surrounding regions. The ter­ri­to­ries that would later form the Dutch Re­pub­lic began as a loose fed­er­a­tion known as the Sev­en­teen Provinces, which Charles V, Holy Roman Em­peror and (as "Car­los I") King of Spain, in­her­ited and brought under his di­rect rule in 1543. [60] The economies of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean had been based on the smuggling of goods and slaves into Spanish America, but with the end of the slave trade in 1814 and the independence of the new nations of South and Central America from Spain, profitability rapidly declined. [35] In 1630, the Dutch occupied the Portuguese sugar-settlement of Pernambuco and over the next few years pushed inland, annexing the sugar plantations that surrounded it. The Netherlands became part of the domains of the 'Spanish branch' of the Habsburg dynasty when Emperor Charles V divided the holdings of the Habsburg Empire following his abdication in 1555. The country name New Zealand originated with Dutch cartographers, who called the islands Nova Zeelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. sailed on the ship Duyfken . As soon as Philip became King, he began to suppress Protestantism by sending Spanish Troops, and imposing heavy taxes onto the Dutch. Jump to navigation Jump to search “ The thrifty maxim of the wary Dutch, Is to save all the Money they can touch. In 1626, the Dutch purchased the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans and founded a fort called New Amsterdam. Il s'est développé au cours du XVII e siècle, à l'époque du siècle d'or néerlandais où les Provinces-Unies étaient la puissance maritime et économique dominante dans le monde sous l'impulsion de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales. By the turn of the twentieth century, Dutch colonialism developed its own brand of the "white man's burden," called the ethical policy. The first Dutch Colony in Africa was established in Ghana in the 16th century, commonly referred to as the Dutch Gold Coast, where they exploited mainly gold and slaves. The island was named after the Dutch island of Goeree. In 1566, Philip II became the King of Spain. Today Indonesia is not only the oldest industrial producer of tobacco, but also the second largest consumer of tobacco.[104]. When he returned Holland, he published a book dealing with these maps and sea-routes to the East. Although weakened by the Iberian Union with Spain, whose attention was focused elsewhere, the Portuguese were able to fight off the initial assault before the Battle of Matanzas Bay provided the WIC with the funds needed for a successful operation. The table below explains when various territories entered or left the British Empire. In the past using the negative sentiment towards the colonial era was often used as an excuse to disregard protests against the demolition of historical buildings. A few years later, the negative voices started to disappear, and now many people are starting to think with me: how are we going to save our city. Twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language, and in total 82 percent of the population can speak Dutch. Dutch Colonial Empire. The revolt resulted in the establishment of an independent … The Dutch Empire today comprises of several overseas colonies, outposts, and enclaves that were administered and controlled by the Dutch Chartered companies such as the Dutch East Indian Company and the Dutch West India, and eventually by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. These seven chapters comprise the entirety of the “Colonies” described in Part II, and the Anglo-centered story continues through the first three non-regional chapters of Part III. Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, the Dutch language has no official status[71] and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession,[72] as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Development and Interaction of Cultures Development and Transformation of Social Structure Indonesia, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Malacca, & Salvador (only held for a year) were first ruled by Portugal. [42] To protect its precarious position at Albany from the nearby English and French, the Company founded the fortified town of New Amsterdam in 1625, at the mouth of the Hudson, encouraging settlement of the surrounding areas of Long Island and New Jersey. [47] Dutch immigration in the Cape rapidly swelled as prospective colonists were offered generous grants of land and tax exempt status in exchange for producing the food needed to resupply passing ships. The Dutch colonised Mauritius in 1638, several decades after three ships out of the Dutch Second Fleet sent to the Spice Islands were blown off course in a storm and landed in 1598. In the 17th century, the "Grand Design" of the West India Company involved attempting to corner the international trade in sugar by attacking Portuguese colonies in Brazil and Africa, seizing both the sugarcane plantations and the slave ports needed to resupply their labour. Effective on that date, Curaçao and Sint Maarten acceded to the same country status within the Kingdom that Aruba already enjoyed. However, in 1994, it was agreed that its status as a Realm in its own right could continue.[67]. And as a result the Dutch officials begun to adapt to the tropical condition by applying native elements such as wide-open veranda, ventilation and indigenous high pitch roofing into their villas. ", Noorlander, D. L. "The Dutch Atlantic world, 1585–1815: Recent themes and developments in the field. [65] The subsequent Japanese occupation of Indonesia during the remainder of World War II saw the fundamental dismantling of the Dutch colonial state's economic, political and social structures, replacing it with a Japanese regime. Menu » Map; Home / Dutch Empire. [81] The population of the three northern Antilles, Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius, is predominantly English-speaking. The competition was counterproductive to the companies' interests as it threatened to drive up the price of spices at their source in Indonesia whilst driving them down in Europe.[22]. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British had seized most of their colonies, including the Cape Colony. The re­volt re­sulted in the es­tab­lish­ment of an de facto in­de­pen­d… the largest and most extensive maritime trading companies at the time, and once held a virtual monopoly on strategic European shipping-routes westward through the Southern Hemisphere around South America through the Strait of Magellan, and eastward around Africa, past the Cape of Good Hope. Home; Books; Search; Support. Unlike in Asia, Dutch successes against the Portuguese in Brazil and Africa were short-lived. [86] British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicized the name to New Zealand. [22] The success of these voyages led to the founding of a number of companies competing for the trade. Two chapters on the Spanish are succeeded by six focused solely on English colonies and a seventh on the Dutch region that became New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. The islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba were granted a status similar to Dutch municipalities, and are now sometimes referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands. Beyond Indonesia's art deco architecture also much of the country's rail and road infrastructure as well as its major cities were built during the colonial period. 11 Years' War . This list may not reflect recent changes (). à empire colonial hollandais Cela signifie que le grand empire colonial obtenu entre le XVII et XX siècle de République des Provinces-Unies d'abord et Pays-Bas puis. Many towns and cities in Suriname share names with cities in the Netherlands, such as Alkmaar and Groningen. En 1815 il ne reste que quelques fragments épars du premier empire colonial français. These Dutch constructed public works became the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state. [48][50] Nevertheless, there was a degree of cultural assimilation between the various ethnic groups due to intermarriage and the universal adoption of the Dutch language, and cleavages were likelier to occur along social and racial lines. [83], The greatest linguistic legacy of the Netherlands was in its colony in South Africa, which attracted large numbers of Dutch farmer (in Dutch, Boer) settlers, who spoke a simplified form of Dutch called Afrikaans, which is largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. But what if the Dutch had attained victory in the First Anglo-Dutch war? Resistance against the Dutch colonial empire flared up throughout Indonesia. Most Catholic and Lutheran Germans attended services in the Reformed Church, since that was the official denomination of the Dutch East India Company. The British took over the island in 1664. [68] Subsequently, colonial history is not featured prominently in Dutch schoolbooks. In some Dutch colonies there are major ethnic groups of Dutch ancestry descending from emigrated Dutch settlers. It can be quite confusing as the borders of these territories could and did change, name changes were frequent, colonies amalgamated and combined with one another - not to mention various treaties and wars! The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, with King Phillip II's enemies becoming Portugal's enemies as well. It was initially a trade-based system which derived most of its influence from merchant enterprise and from Dutch control of international maritime shipping routes through strategically placed outposts, rather than from expansive territorial ventures. This forced them to find out a route to India and east to enable direct trade. In the USA there have been three American presidents of Dutch descent: Martin Van Buren, the first president who was not of British descent, and whose first language was Dutch, the 26th president Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd president, elected to four terms in office (1933 to 1945) and the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. The revolt resulted in the establishment of an independent … In 1973, negotiations started in Suriname for independence, and full independence was granted in 1975, with 60,000 emigrants taking the opportunity of moving to the Netherlands. Arguin:(20°36’N – 16°27’W) Netherlands: 1633 – 1 Sep. 1678 to France (1 Sep. 1678 – Sep. 1678) abandoned (1678 – 1685) to Brandenburg (5 Oct. 1685 – 9/10 Mar. These new colonies were to be part of the larger Dutch trading empire, which had trading posts throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. The Dutch colonies were also established in Europe. In 1954, under the "Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands", the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles (at the time including Aruba) became a composite state, known as the "Tripartite Kingdom of the Netherlands". The first Dutch Colony in Africa was established in Ghana in the 16th century, commonly referred to as the Dutch Gold Coast, where they exploited mainly gold and slaves. [52], In 1651, the English parliament passed the first of the Navigation Acts which excluded Dutch shipping from the lucrative trade between England and its Caribbean colonies, and led directly to the outbreak of hostilities between the two countries the following year, the first of three Anglo-Dutch Wars that would last on and off for two decades and slowly erode Dutch naval power to England's benefit.[53][54]. The Dutch colonial empire (Dutch: Nederlandse koloniale rijk) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies—mainly the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company—and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815. The Dutch West India company was abolished in 1791, and its colonies in Suriname and the Caribbean brought under the direct rule of the state. The captain of the Arnhem (Willem van Coolsteerdt) also named the large island, east of Arnhem Groote Eylandt, in modern Dutch spelling Groot Eiland: Large Island. However, it was returned to France in 1664, since the colony proved to be unprofitable. Although highly populated and agriculturally productive, Java was under Dutch domination for most of the 350 years of the combined VOC and Dutch East Indies era, many areas remained independent for much of this time including Aceh, Lombok, Bali and Borneo.[59]. In 1871, all of the Dutch possessions on the Dutch Gold Coast were sold to Britain. Les Treize Colonies étaient un groupe de colonies frontalières faisant partie de l'Empire britannique en Amérique du Nord et qui donnèrent naissance aux États-Unis d'Amérique.C'est ainsi que le royaume de Grande-Bretagne, notamment, les désigna avant la signature du traité de Paris de 1783, moment à partir duquel elles sortirent de son champ de souveraineté [3]. The dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640 and Maurits's recall in 1643 led to increased resistance from the Portuguese colonists who still made up a majority of the Brazilian settlers. The slaves from Ghana were taken through the Elmina Castle and sold to the Americans and Europeans. Controlling the African slave trade and monopolizing sugar production in Brazil, the Dutch also assumed a monopoly on the spice trade in Asia. In 1986, Aruba was allowed to secede from the Netherlands Antilles federation, and was pressured by the Netherlands to move to independence within ten years. the Dutch colonial empire was made of the overseas trading posts and territories across the world controlled and administered by the Dutch trading companies Dutch West India and the Dutch East India Company . This occupation triggered the return of the Spanish to Valdivia and the building of one of the largest defensive complexes of colonial America. At no point did the Dutch Empire simultaneously rule over all of the territory highlighted in this map. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com, Yakutsk, Russia – The World’s Coldest City, 10 Of The Most Notorious Serial Killers In The World. Thus, in 1595, the Dutch decided to set sail on their own to acquire products for themselves, making use of the "secret" knowledge of the Portuguese trade routes, which Cornelis de Houtman had managed to acquire in Lisbon.[25]. Nassau County, one of the four that make up Long Island, is also of Dutch origin. [100], Crops such like coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and rubber were all introduced by the Dutch. [92] This was dubbed arsitektur Indis (Indies architecture), which combines the existing traditional Hindu-Javanese style with European forms.[93]. The Dutch did not have much influence in the Ivory C… In the mid 17th century the Dutch also explored the western Australian coasts, naming many places. The Dutch Empire is a term comprising different territories that were controlled by Netherlands from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Peter Boomgaard (dir. [55] The Dutch would never rule Formosa again. Extinct Dutch-based creole languages include: Skepi (Guyana); Negerhollands (aka "Negro Dutch"), Jersey Dutch and Mohawk Dutch (USA) and Javindo (Java). Albums. [4] Because small European trading-companies often lacked the capital or the manpower for large-scale operations, the States General chartered larger organisations—the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company—in the early seventeenth century. The earlier Dutch construction mostly replicate the architecture style in the Homeland (such as Toko Merah). There are also significant examples of 17–19th century Dutch architecture around Banda Neira, Nusa Laut and Saparua, the former main spices islands, which due to limited economic development have retained many of its colonial elements. To suppress Protestantism by sending Spanish Troops, and anti-colonial sentiments have prevailed since Jacob Haafner 's 1807.. Out a route to India and the Philippines coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and rubber were all by! 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