the great northern war documentary

Charles was crushingly defeated by a larger Russian force under Peter in the Battle of Poltava and fled to the Ottoman Empire while the remains of his army surrendered at Perevolochna.[33]. The Great Northern War was a profound event in European history and has had far too little attention in the English speaking world. The ruler of the Russian empire: Peter the Great, the King of Danes: Fredrick IV, and the King of Poland-Lithuania: Augustus, had their share of interests in the Swedish empire. [38] In 1712 the first Russian campaign to capture Finland began under the command of General Admiral Fyodor Apraksin. However, bad roads proved impassable to his heavy siege guns. Though his primary goal was Moscow, the strength of his forces was sapped by the cold weather (the winter of 1708/09 being one of the most severe in modern European history)[30] and Peter's use of scorched earth tactics. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. By these treaties Sweden ceded her exemption from the Sound Dues[16] and lost the Baltic provinces and the southern part of Swedish Pomerania. After years of marches and fighting around Poland he finally had to invade Augustus' hereditary Saxony to take him out of the war. Disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament, Charles crossed into the Commonwealth and decisively defeated the Saxe-Polish forces in the Battle of Klissow in 1702 and in the Battle of Pultusk in 1703. http://bit.ly/ExtraStoreSubscribe for new episodes every Saturday! Patkul was also extradited and executed by breaking on the wheel in 1707, an incident which, given his diplomatic immunity, infuriated opinion against the Swedish king, who was then expected to win the war against the only hostile power remaining, Tsar Peter's Russia.[24]. During the same period, Sweden conquered Danish and Norwegian provinces north of the Sound (1645; 1658). Danish force", The Northern War of 1700–1721. Sweden parried the Danish and Russian attacks at Travendal (August 1700) and Narva (November 1700) respectively, and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II's forces through the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Saxony, dethroning Augustus on the way (September 1706) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altranstädt (October 1706). The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony–Poland–Lithuania. The Swedish navy was able to outmaneuver the Danish Sound blockade and deploy an army near the Danish capital, Copenhagen. In 1711, siege was laid to Stralsund. A respective treaty was concluded in Frederiksborg in June 1720. 22 November 1964. George I of Great Britain and Hanover concluded three alliances in 1715: the Treaty of Berlin with Denmark–Norway, the Treaty of Stettin with Brandenburg-Prussia, and the Treaty of Greifswald with Russia. [29] Instead he initiated a march from Saxony to invade Russia. [52] Swedish allies included Holstein-Gottorp, several Polish magnates under Stanisław I Leszczyński (1704–1710) and Cossacks under the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1708–1710). In addition to the rivalries in the anti-Swedish coalition, there was an inner-Swedish rivalry between Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and Frederick I of Hesse-Cassel for the Swedish throne. The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I. In nearby Greifswald, already lost to Sweden, Russian tsar Peter the Great and British king George I, in his position as Elector of Hanover, had just signed an alliance on 17 (OS)/28 (NS) October. 393ff, 409ff, 420–445, had the king arrested in what became known as the "kalabalik", Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War), Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, "Tacitus.nu, Örjan Martinsson. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was formally neutral at this point, as Augustus started the war as an Elector of Saxony. http://bit.ly/EHPatreon (--More below)Grab your Extra Credits gear at the store! Therefore, the war was finally concluded by the Treaty of Nystad between Russia and Sweden in Uusikaupunki (Nystad) on 30 August 1721 (OS). Vyborg) in 1710 and successfully held it against Swedish attempts to retake the town in 1711. [19], Charles XII of Sweden first focused on attacking Denmark. Biopic of Peter I, Czar of Russia, from childhood in 1682 to the Great Northern War against Sweden during the 1700s. The Norwegian campaigns were halted and the army withdrawn when Charles XII was shot dead while besieging Norwegian Fredriksten on 30 November 1718 (OS). When peace was concluded with Denmark, the anti-Swedish coalition had already fallen apart, and Denmark was not in a military position to negotiate a return of her former eastern provinces across the sound. Charles remained there until December 1715, escaping only days before Stralsund fell. For parts of the war, Prussia and Hanover also joined the enemy coalition. A grand mobilization covering Russia's vast territories would have been unrealistic. The formal conclusion of the Great Northern War came with the Swedish-Hanoverian and Swedish-Prussian Treaties of Stockholm (1719), the Dano-Swedish Treaty of Frederiksborg (1720), and the Russo-Swedish Treaty of Nystad (1721). However the ensuing Pruth River Campaign resulted in a disaster for the Russians as Peter's army was trapped by an Ottoman army at the Pruth river. Swedish General Georg Henrik Lybecker chose not to face the Russians with his 7,500 men in the prepared positions close to Vyborg and instead withdrew west of Kymijoki river using scorched earth tactics. George I of the House of Hanover, elector of Hanover and, since 1714, king of Great Britain and of Ireland, took the opportunity to connect his landlocked German electorate to the North Sea. In 1697, Sweden was a great power until Charles XI died; he left the entire empire in the hands of his 14-year-old son, Charles XII. The coalition members partitioned most of the Swedish dominions among themselves, destroying the Swedish dominium maris baltici. [49], After the death of Charles XII, Sweden still refused to make peace with Russia on Peter's terms. The adventures of a single dad and his weird Alaskan family. The sultan put an end to the generous hospitality granted and had the king arrested in what became known as the "kalabalik" in 1713. Osprey Publishing, 2001. p. 19, Petersen (2007), pp. Sweden proper was invaded from the west by Denmark–Norway and from the east by Russia, which had occupied Finland by 1714. Sweden had lost almost all of its "overseas" holdings gained in the 17th century and ceased to be a major power. While the result of the battle is contested, it ended Russian galley raids in 1720. Large stores of supplies and munitions were transported from Vyborg and Saint Petersburg to the new base of operations. Campaign from Grodno to Poltava 1706–1709, Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis, First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41), Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60), Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88), Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522), Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537), Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Northern_War&oldid=1002113636, Wars involving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Wars involving the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 175,000 killed by famine, disease and exhaustion, 30,000 Russians killed, wounded and captured in combat, 110,000 killed by famine, disease and exhaustion, 14,000–20,000 Poles, Saxons and 8,000 Danes killed in the larger battles. The troops, who arrived on 12 October, therefore had to abandon the siege after only a few days. In 1710 the Russian forces captured Riga,[35] at the time the most populated city in the Swedish realm, and Tallinn, evicting the Swedes from the Baltic provinces, now integrated in the Russian Tsardom by the capitulation of Estonia and Livonia. Russian cavalry managed to link up with the rest of the army there as well. Campaigns on the continent had been proposed on the basis that the army would be financially self-supporting through plunder and taxation of newly gained land, a concept shared by most major powers of the period. Great Northern also took a Congressional party on a long Pacific inspection, touching at Hong Kong, Honolulu, Cavite, and then returning to San Francisco, in the summer of 1920. The Great Northern War was fought during the years 1700-1721 between Sweden and a coalition of countries who sought to carve up the Swedish Baltic Sea Empire between themselves. George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715. By 1707 this number had swollen to at least 120,000 despite casualties. Finland was returned to Sweden, while the majority of Russia's conquests (Swedish Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, Kexholm and the bulk of Karelia) were ceded to the tsardom. Russian fortunes began to reverse in the final years of the 17th century, notably with the rise to power of Peter the Great, who looked to address the earlier losses and re-establish a Baltic presence. These victories may be ascribed to a well-trained army, which despite its comparatively small size, was far more professional than most continental armies, and also to a modernization of administration (both civilian and military) in the course of the 17th century, which enabled the monarchy to harness the resources of the country and its empire in an effective way. [43], In 1714 far greater Swedish naval assets were diverted towards Finland, which managed to cut the coastal sea route past Hangö cape already in early May 1714. This resulted in Great Britain declaring war on Sweden in 1717. [50], After the treaty of Frederiksborg in early 1720, Sweden was no longer at war with Denmark, which allowed more forces to be placed against the Russians. The narrator was Michael Redgrave, with readings by Marius Goring, Ralph Richardson, Cyril Luckham, Sebastian Shaw and … Ivan Mazepa was a Ukrainian Cossack hetman who fought for Russia but defected to Charles XII in 1708. One group headed for the coast of Uppland, the second to the vicinity of Stockholm, and the last to coast of Södermanland. The Russian mobilization system was ineffective and the expanding nation needed to be defended in many locations. He was not able to keep northern Swedish Pomerania, Danish from 1712 to 1715. Together they carried a landing force of nearly 30,000 men. When his army surrendered, Charles XII of Sweden and a few soldiers escaped to Ottoman territory, founding a colony in front of Bender, Moldova. [31] When the main army turned south to recover in Ukraine,[32] the second army with supplies and reinforcements was intercepted and routed at Lesnaya—and so were the supplies and reinforcements of Swedish ally Ivan Mazepa in Baturyn. Created by Minty Lewis, Wendy Molyneux, Lizzie Molyneux-Logelin. When Wismar surrendered in 1716, all of Sweden's Baltic and German possessions were lost. Together with the Swedish fleet, they carried out a bombardment of Copenhagen from 20 to 26 July. Read More: Vietnam war: Why did America sign a peace agreement with North Vietna… Augustus II the Strong, elector of Saxony and another cousin of Charles XII,[nb 1] gained the Polish crown after the death of King John III Sobieski in 1696. The occupation period of Finland in 1714–1721 is known as the Greater Wrath. In November, the Russian and Swedish armies met at the First Battle of Narva where the Russians suffered a crushing defeat.[21]. 57. The Russian army occupied Finland mostly in 1713–1714, capturing Åland from where the population had already fled to Sweden on 13 August 1714. Russia left Poland in the spring of 1706, abandoning artillery but escaping from the pursuing Swedes, who stopped at Pinsk. The book describes the development of the Swedish Army during the Great Northern War, 1700-1721, when Sweden fought against a coalition of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Poland-Saxony. B Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts The Nyen fortress was soon abandoned and demolished by Peter, who built nearby a superior fortress as a beginning to the city of Saint Petersburg. Hanover gained Bremen-Verden, Brandenburg-Prussia incorporated the Oder estuary (Stettin Lagoons), Russia secured the Baltic Provinces, and Denmark strengthened her position in Schleswig-Holstein. The documentary was a co-production of the Imperial War Museum, the British Broadcasting Corporation, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and … Peter the Great, whose forces were spread all around the Baltic Sea, envisioned hegemony in East Central Europe and sought to establish naval bases as far west as Mecklenburg. Under his command the Swedish army in Finland stopped to engage the advancing Russians at Pälkäne in October 1713, where a Russian flanking manoeuvre forced him to withdraw to avoid getting encircled. Charles XII of Sweden[nb 1] succeeded Charles XI of Sweden in 1697, aged 14. [46] Previously a formally neutral party in the Pomeranian campaigns, Brandenburg-Prussia openly joined the coalition by declaring war on Sweden in the summer of 1715. Swedish and British fleets, now allied with Sweden, sailing from the west coast of Sweden but failed to catch the raiders. Was Charles XII actually assassinated? Was Charles XII actually assassinated? Despite a continued Swedish naval presence and strong patrols to protect the coast, small Russian raids took place in 1716 at Öregrund, while in July 1717 a Russian squadron landed troops at Gotland who raided for supplies. Charles showed no interest in returning, established a provisional court in his colony, and sought to persuade the sultan to engage in an Ottoman-Swedish assault on Russia. Bromley, ed., Wilson, Derek. Catch the Series Premiere on Sunday, February 14 at 8:30/7:30c on FOX! Apraksin's forces reached the river but chose not to cross it and instead withdrew back to Vyborg, likely due to problems in supply. [51], By the time of Charles XII's death, the anti-Swedish allies became increasingly divided on how to fill the power gap left behind by the defeated and retreating Swedish armies. Russia was able to mobilize a larger army but could not put all of it into action simultaneously. The cost of the warfare proved to be much higher than the occupied countries could fund, and Sweden's coffers and resources in manpower were eventually drained in the course of long conflicts. Charles XI had tried to keep the empire out of wars, and concentrated on inner reforms such as reduction and allotment, which had strengthened the monarch's status and the empire's military abilities. The Great Northern War lasted from 1700 to 1721. The Great Northern War (22 February 1700-10 September 1721) was a conflict in which a Russian-led coalition successfully contested the supremacy of Sweden in Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe.The war ended with the defeat of Sweden, and Russia became the new dominant power in the Baltics and as a major force in European politics. George I and Frederik IV both coveted hegemony in northern Germany, while Augustus the Strong was concerned about the ambitions of Frederick William I on the southeastern Baltic coast. 268–272, 275; Bengtsson (1960), pp. [47] Charles was then at war with much of Northern Europe, and Stralsund was doomed. in J.S. The defenders, however, managed to fend off landing attempts by the attackers until the Russians landed at their flank at Sandviken, which forced Armfelt to retire towards Porvoo (Borgå) after setting afire both the town and all the supplies stored there as well as bridges leading north from the town. Yet the town could not be taken due to the arrival of a Swedish relief army, led by general Magnus Stenbock, which secured the Pomeranian pocket before turning west to defeat an allied army in the Battle of Gadebusch. In 1700 which power was the The treaty also secured the extradition and execution of Johann Reinhold Patkul, architect of the alliance seven years earlier. Great Northern War. [52], When Sweden finally was at peace with Hanover, Great Britain, Brandenburg-Prussia and Denmark–Norway, she hoped that the anti-Russian sentiments of the Vienna parties and France would culminate in an alliance that would restore her Russian-occupied eastern provinces. To place pressure on Sweden, Russia sent a large fleet to the Swedish east coast in July 1719. In view of continued failure to check Russian consolidation, and with declining manpower, Sweden opted to blockade Saint Petersburg in 1705. This successful invasion enabled Charles XII to dethrone Augustus II and coerce the Polish sejm to replace him with Stanisław I Leszczyński in 1704. This also severed the contact between Swedish fleet and ground forces and prevented Swedish naval units from supplying it. The war ended with the defeat of Sweden, leaving Russia as the new dominant power in the Baltic region and as a new major force in European politics. This did not prevent Russian galleys from raiding the town of Umeå once again. He did put an end to the Swedish threat south of Denmark. James answers questions from our Patreon supporters in this special edition of Lies!Support us on Patreon! These terms were laid out in the Treaty of Adrianople (1713). There, under protection of the Russian battlefleet, the Russian galley fleet was split into three groups. Stars: Maximilian Schell, Vanessa Redgrave, Omar Sharif, Trevor Howard. Charles Frederick was married to a daughter of Peter I, Anna Petrovna. He ended Sweden's exemption from the Sound Dues (transit taxes/tariffs on cargo moved between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea). He was determined to gain the Oder estuary with its access to the Baltic Sea for the Brandenburgian core areas, which had been a state goal for centuries. Charles XII refrained from all kinds of luxury and alcohol and usage of the French language, since he considered these things decadent and superfluous. Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden, under Charles XII, and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava. A small, hastily assembled Swedish coastal squadron met the Russian galley fleet west of Hangö cape in the Battle of Gangut and was overpowered by the Russians who had nearly ten-fold superiority. ", Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland, This page was last edited on 22 January 2021, at 22:55. Could Sweden have won the Great Northern War? The Western powers, Great Britain and France, became caught up in the separate War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), which broke out over the Bourbon Philip of Anjou's succession to the Spanish throne and a possible joining of France and Spain. [28] Charles wanted not just to defeat the Commonwealth army but to depose Augustus, whom he regarded as especially treasonous, and have him replaced with someone who would be a Swedish ally, though this proved hard to achieve. Charles was then confined at Timurtash and Demotika; later he abandoned his hopes for an Ottoman front and returned to Sweden in a 14-day ride. Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway, another cousin of Charles XII,[nb 1] succeeded Christian V in 1699 and continued his anti-Swedish policies. Meanwhile, the forces of Peter I had recovered from defeat at Narva and gained ground in Sweden's Baltic provinces, where they cemented Russian access to the Baltic Sea by founding Saint Petersburg in 1703. Peter I tried to raise his army's morale to Swedish levels. Murhanenkeli. In the Treaty of Hanover (1710), Hanover, whose elector was to become George I of Great Britain, allied with Russia. The Great Northern War was fought between Sweden’s Charles XII and a coalition lead by Peter the Great.By the end of the war, Sweden had lost her supremacy as the leading power in the Baltic region and was replaced by Peter the Great… Hatton, Ragnhild M. "Charles XII and the Great Northern War." Later in July 1720 a squadron from the Swedish battlefleet engaged the Russian galley fleet in the battle of Grengam. Before going to war, Peter had made preparations for a navy and a modern-style army, based primarily on infantry drilled in the use of firearms. These became known as Kronstadt and Kronslot. During the war, the most important Swedish commanders besides Charles XII were his close friend Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, also Magnus Stenbock and Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt. [40], After the failure of 1712, Peter the Great ordered that further campaigns in war-ravaged regions of Finland with poor transportation networks were to be performed along the coastline and the seaways near the coast. However, like so often, Swedish naval units arrived only after the initial Russian spring campaign had ended. The Battle of Narva dealt a severe setback to Peter the Great, but the shift of Charles XII's army to the Polish-Saxon threat soon afterward provided him with an opportunity to regroup and regain territory in the Baltic provinces. At the same time, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet had also set course towards Denmark. The Great Migration. Furthermore, he attempted to bar Great Britain access to the Baltic Sea. However, the Swedish state ultimately proved unable to support and maintain its army in a prolonged war. After Poltava, the anti-Swedish coalition revived and subsequently Hanover and Prussia joined it. In 1713, Brandenburg-Prussia allied with Russia in the Treaty of Schwedt. VOLUME ONE BY MALIN PALSSON GREAT NORTHERN WAR COMPENDIUM EDITED BY THGC PUBLISHING (Stephen L. Kling, Jr.) IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME ONE THGC PUBLISHING, a division of The Historical Game Company, LLC: St. Louis, Missouri 63141 (2015) THGC Publishing is a division of he Historical Game Company, LLC and was established to publish history that is not readily accessible to … 1709 did not become the actual ruler until 1689 Support us on Extra Play of Denmark reign while providing to. Hearing and Armfelt was ordered to withdraw without even seeing the enemy three. And prevented Swedish naval units from supplying it contest the Supremacy of the greatest in... As possible in the battle of Helsingborg ( 1710 ) to 1721 a peace with! Deprived Russia of direct access to the War again and Augustus II the,... Their disposal even without the cavalry contact between Swedish fleet and ground forces and prevented Swedish naval units be! 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