of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, Hamilton Asia BQ7160 .T49 1995, Schecter, Jerrold L. (1967), The new face of Buddha; Buddhism and political power in southeast Asia New York, Coward-McCann Hamilton & Hamilton Asia BL1459.S7 S3, Somboon Suksamran (1993) Buddhism, political authority, and legitimacy in Thailand and Cambodia, In: Ling, Trevor, ed. Encyclopedia.com. The monastic literature includes accounts of imperial support for Indian Buddhist monasteries even during the Buddha's lifetime. Santi Asoke, a lay-oriented group that advocates stringent discipline, moral rectitude, and political reform, has been very much at odds with the established ecclesiastical hierarchy. of Religious Affairs, Hamilton Asia BQ4990.B93 S3 1985, Schmidt, Amy (2003), Knee deep in grace : the extraordinary life and teachings of Dipa Ma, Lake Junaluska, NC : Present Perfect Books Kauai CC: General Collection BQ950.I63 S36 2003, Schober, Juliane (1997), In the presence of the Buddha: ritual veneration of the Burmese Mahamuni image, In: Schober, Juliane, ed. Buddhist spirituality: Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, and early Chinese. It was in a government's best interest to support and be validated by these institutions, and many of the most famous monasteries were built during the major dynastic periods throughout Asia. One of the important factors in the spread and growth of Buddhist monasticism was its adaptability. 414p. A second area of Buddhist expansion in Southeast Asia extends from Myanmar in the north and west to the Mekong delta in the south and east. 5, pp. The Tibetan practice of combining religious and lay authority put political and legal power in the hands of monastic leaders. In Tibet and elsewhere, for example, monasteries received regular payments from profits and percentages of commodities produced or sold. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. "Buddhist Law as Religious System?" The Chinese form of Mahayana later spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Such lavish support brought merit to the wealthy and royal classes. 2001 83-91 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Fontein, Jan (1982), Notes on the jatakas and avadanas of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. It is notably the case of Buddhism which had a considerable influence on the early trade routes. London, 2002. 2v. Researches in Indian history, archaeology, art and religion: Prof. Upendra Thakur felicitation volume. ." 318p. Chinese beliefs and practices in Southeast Asia: studies on the Chinese religion in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Joining the monastic order has a tempering or "cooling" (tala ) effect on the passions, anger, and delusions of monks and nuns. Munster: Lit, 1994. *Sinhala monarchies refers to the kings of Sri Lanka. Stuttgart: Institut f&r Auslandsbeziehungen, 1978. Members were bound by vows that did not include celibacy or poverty but stressed obedience to the hierarchy. During the struggle between North and South Vietnam in the 1960s and early 70s, many Buddhists worked to achieve peace and reconciliation, though they met with little success; to protest the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, some Buddhist monks turned to self-immolation. Priesthood, article on Buddhist Priesthood; Sagha, overview article. Statue of Buddha in Bodh Gaya, India Bodh Gaya is one of the most important historical sites in Buddhism. Yangon: s.n.,. These, however, did not impede the growth of Buddhism; they instead signal how Buddhism adapted to different conditions and ideologies and grew larger as a result. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) The term Confucianism is derived from Confucius, the convention, Tantra 1995 307-345 Hamilton Asia HN700.6 .A8 D55 1995, Nagata, Judith (2001), World religions as a source of power among Chinese women in Malaysia, In: Armstrong, M. Jocelyn; Armstrong, R. Warwick; Mulliner, Kent, eds. Farmers began to complain about crops destroyed by Buddhists wandering in the monsoon, poorly nourished and weak monks and nuns began to develop illnesses, and the large numbers were difficult to manage. However, the date of retrieval is often important. 139-172 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Woodward, Hiram W., Jr. (1982), Barabudur as a stupa,In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. Kathmandu, Nepal. New York, 2002. of plates. of plates, *BURMA*BURMA: JOURNAL ARTICLESAye Kyaw (1984) The Sangha organization in nineteenth century Burma and Thailand Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok) 72: 166-196, Bechert, Heinz (1989), The recent attempt at a reform of the Buddhist Sangha in Burma and its implications, Internationales Asienforum = International Quarterly for Asian Studies (Munchen) 20, nos.3-4 (Nov) 303-323, Becka, Jan (1990) The ideological aspects of Buddhist revival in Burma (1948-1962) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 58, no.4 337-353, Becka, Jan (1991) The role of Buddhism as a factor of Burmese national identity in the period of British rule in Burma (1886-1948) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 59, no.4 389-405, Brohm, J (1963), Buddhism and animism in a Burmese village, Journal of Asian Studies, 22: 155-167, Ciochon, R L, J James (1992). As a result, monastic institutions increased, for example, in Tibet and Mongolia, where thousands of new Buddhist monasteries were built in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. 253p. In the latter region, Mahayana Buddhism prevailed and bore fruits like the construction of the Borobudur and other monuments in Java during the Sailendra dynasty, but its impact was less durable than on the mainland. Heritage, tourism and local communities. Beginning in the 1980s, however, it showed increasing signs of life and vitality. 178-186 Hamilton BQ4012 .P73, Bechert, Heinz (1978), German studies of Buddhism in Southeast Asia In: Cultures in encounter: Germany and the Southeast Asian nations: a documentation of the ASEAN Cultural Week, Tubingen, Summer 1977. A research agenda Burma Debate (New York) , 7, no.3 (Fall, 2000), 10-13, Abdul Mabud Khan (1999), Bangladesh indebtedness to Myanmar: a study of reformation movement in the Buddhist Sangha of Bangladesh (1856-1971) In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. Accordingly, Buddhist monks and monasteries accepted donations of cash, land, and material of all kinds, and they sometimes became rich and powerful. 277p. 3, pp. Charles F Keyes (1990). Buddhism, far more than in other monastic traditions of the worldwith the possible exception of Jainismattaches central importance to the order, in part because the Buddha began every one of his sermons with the address bhikkhave (O ye begging monks). In the monastic literary corpus there are many examples of the advantages of monastic life. Wealthy persons often willed their properties to monasteries or individual monks further increasing monastic holdings. Dimensions of tradition and development in Malaysia. Starting shortly after the beginning of the Common Era, in the Later Han Dynasty, monasteries developed to become an essential part of Chinese society. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica, no.140.) What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World. 380p. 9-28 Hamilton HM136 .S58 1975, Sarao, K.T.S. "Buddhist Case Law on Theft: The Vintavatthu on the Second Prjika." The art and culture of South-East Asia. Hamilton Asia DS561 .A258World Archaeology (London) Hamilton Main CC1. In most of Malaysia and Indonesia, however, both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced by Islam, which remains the dominant religion in the area. Cambridge, Eng. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1981. 19-38 Hamilton Asia NK8877 .T72 1994, Lester, Robert C. (1973), Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press Hamilton BQ408 .L47 1973. Encyclopedia of Religion. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. For instance, Buddhist monasteries started to set up along the developing trade routes, such as the road that was connecting Bactria (in Modern Afghanistan) in the North to Taxila (in modern Pakistan) in the Northeast, Mathura in the Northwest, and further along the Gangues Valley, until the Bengal Coast. 2 (1997): 3386. 253p. 47-83 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Ensink, Jacob (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali, In: Bechert, Heinz, ed. Horner, Isaline B., trans. Its survival and prosperity often depended on local political authorities, and it did indeed survive and prosper. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978. 147-158 Hamilton Folio BQ4012 .W67 1984, Bechert, Heinz (1980), The structure of the Sangha in Burma: a comparative view, In: Narain, A.K., ed. The long-term development of Buddhism in Vietnam, however, was most affected by Zen and Pure Land traditions, which were introduced from China into the northern and central sections of the country beginning in the 6th century ce. 151-164 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Jordaan, R.E. Buddhist Forum 1 (1990): 4185. Tantrism, Daoism, and Confucianism also filtered into Vietnam at this time. Hamilton Asia DS561 .S29Senri ethnological studies Kauai CC GN303 .S47Sinlapakon (Bangkok) Sinclair Main N8 .S55Social Scientist (New Delhi) Hamilton Asia HN681 .S597Solidarity (Manila) Hamilton Asia DS651 .S6Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) Hamilton Asia HN690.8 .A55South East Asian Review (Bihar, India) Hamilton Asia DS501 .S756SPAFA Digest: Journal of SEAMO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (Bangkok) Hamilton Asia CC1 .S732South East Asia Research (London) Hamilton Asia DS520 .S63Tai Culture: International Review on Tai Cultural Studies (Berlin)Thai Journal of Development Administration Hamilton Asia JA26 .W37Taoist Resources (Bloomington, IN) Hamilton Asia BL1899 .T36Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Tokyo) Hamilton Asia AS552 .Y8Warasan Samnakngan Khana Kammakan Wichai hng Chat = Journal of the National Research Council of Thailand. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1983. Pla era kings especially established and legitimized their imperial rule by resorting to Buddhist religious models and extensive support of Buddhist monasteries. Dynamics of ethnic cultures across national boundaries in Southwestern China and Mainland Southeast Asia: relations, societies and languages. Religion, ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia / Seoul : Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998 . Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia. (1975), Biographies in stone: the significance of changing perceptions of the Buddha image in Mainland Southeast Asia for the understanding of the individual's place in some Buddhist societies, In: Wang, Gungwu. 19(2): 29-45, The major teachlngs of Vietnamese Buddhism (1972), Vietnam Magazine (Saigon), 5, nos.1-2 (Jan-Feb) 11-15, The, Hung (1979), Thien Buddhist school, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.56 : 30-56, Thich Thien Chau (1990), Bioethics as seen by Buddhists, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.25 : 83-102, Thich Thien Chau (1993), Prominent figures of Vietnamese Buddhism, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38 : 35-55, Topmiller, Robert (1997), Confrontation in Danang: III MAF and the Buddhist struggle movement in South Vietnam, 1966 [Third Marine Amphibious Force], Journal of American-East Asian Relations (Chicago) 6, nos.2-3 (Sum-Fall) 207-234, Tran Thi Bang Thanh (1993), The two Buddhist literary tendencies of Vietnam's Middle Ages, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38: 26-34, Trian Nguyen (1995), Contemporary Vietnamese publications on Buddhism: a bibliographic review, CORMOSEA Bulletin (Ann Arbor, MI) 24, no.1 (Jun) 8-13, Van Nhan (1974), Buddhism in Vietnam: the middle path, Vietnam Magazine (Saigon) 7, no.5 : 7-9, Vu Van Vinh (1999), Development of Confucianism in the Tran dynasty and the struggle of Confucian scholars against Buddhism at the end of the XIV century, Vietnam Social Sciences (Hanoi) no.2 (70) : 55-60, VIETNAM: BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSAnonymous (2001), In: Buddhism in Vietnam Ahir, D.C., ed. Buddhist behavioral codes and the modern world: an international symposium. Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam, UNESCO applies a zero tolerance policy against all forms of harassment, Building peace in the minds of men and women, Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads Photo Contest, The International Network of Focal Points for the Silk Roads Programme, Thematic Collection of the Cultural Exchanges along the Silk Roads, World Natural Heritage, Biosphere Reserves and Geoparks. of Anthropology, 1990. In Thailand, which retained its independence, a process of gradual reform and modernization was led by a new Buddhist sect, the Thammayut Nikaya, which was established and supported by the reigning Chakri dynasty. 304p. The first example of Buddhism's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself. 2v. 1996 79-98 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Spiro, Melford E. (1982) Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes Berkeley: University of California Press, Hamilton Asia BQ418 .S65 1982, Stadtner, Donald M. (1999), The enigma of the Mingun pagoda: is the pagoda really unfinished?, In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. 366p. Diverse items of Indian origin with Buddhist features were also found in mainland and peninsular Southeast Asian regions such as precious stones and glass beads, inscribed carnelian and terracotta seals, ivory objects and pottery. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. 566p. Buddhism proposes a life of good thoughts, good intentions, and straight living, all with the ultimate aim of achieving nirvana, release from earthly existence. (1995), Borobudur: a Mandala? 1990 113-124; also in CONTRIB SE AS ETHNOL no.9 (Dec 1990) 113-124 Hamilton Asia GN635.A75 C66 no.9, de Casparis, J.G. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. House, 1992 427 p., 13 leaves of plates At head of title: National Centre for Social Sciences of Vietnam, Institute of Philosophy, Hamilton Asia BQ492 .L5313 1992, Minh, Chi; Ha, Van Tan; Nguyen, Tai Thu (1993), Buddhism in Vietnam: from its origins to the 19th century, Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1993 Hamilton Asia BQ492 .M66 1993, Nguy~n Long Thnh Nam (2003), Hoa Hao Buddhism in the course of Vietnam's history; abridged translation by Sergei Blagov, New York : Nova Science Publishers Hamilton Asia BQ9800.P452 N49 2003, Nhat Hanh, Thich (1992), The diamond that cuts through illusion: commentaries on the Praj naparamita Diamond Sutra, Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax Press, 115 p. Hamilton Asia BQ1997 .N4413 1992, Nhat Hanh, Thich (1993), Love in action: writings on nonviolent social change, Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax Press, 1993 154 p., Hamilton Asia, BQ4570.S6 N47 1993, Phan Cu De (1999) Religion, philosophy and literature in Vietnam, In: Mallari-Hall, Luisa J.; Tope, Lily Rose R., eds. of the Union of Burma, Hamilton Asia DS527.8 .A9, Osipov, Yuri M. (1994), Buddhistic hagiography in classic literature of Burma (Myanmar) In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. During the modern period Mahayana traditions in northern and central Vietnam have coexisted with Theravada traditions from Cambodia in the south. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Lanna Cultural Center, Rajabhat Institute Chiang Mai; Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 2000. (Sata-pitaka series, 364.) Monastic law codes were a source of law and legal authority in Southeast Asian cultures and elsewhere, affirming the Buddhist monastic commitment to engagement in worldly matters. Some of the most renowned Buddhist monasteries in history were built in the Gupta period. Southeast Asian Buddhist communities shaped and were shaped by religious and other cultural practices beyond the region. Patriarchal societies and gender values took their toll on women's institutions. v.2, 299-303 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .T74 1994, Pecenko, Primoz (1999), The Tikas on the four Nikayas and their Myanmar and Sinhala sources, In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. Buddhist monasteries became centers for the production of an extensive literary corpus that was often translated into new host languages and subsequently expanded. Whiting Bay, Isle of Arran, Scotland : Kiscadale Publications Hamilton Asia DS529.2 .T473 1988, Than Tun (2002), Buddhist art and architecture with special reference to Myanma / Yangon: Sein Pan Myaing : Distributed by Mon Ywe, Hamilton Asia N7312 .T53 2002, Tin Maung Maung Than (1993), Sangha reforms and renewal of sasana in Myanmar: historical trends and contemporary practice, In: Ling, Trevor, ed. S93, Swearer, Donald K.(1989), Buddhism in Southeast Asia, In: Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed. The arrival of the Western powers in the 19th century brought important changes. Despite the etymology, the majority of Buddhist monastics, Parsis 428p. Through all of its manifestations it adapted to local cultures and environments and at the same time preserved its basic doctrinal message and its moderate ascetic lifestyle. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. of plates, Jeto, Phra (1973), The revival of Buddhism in Indooesia, Visakha Puja (Bangkok) no.2516 (May 16) 42-45, Jordaan, Roy E. (1998), The Tara temple of Kalasan in central Java, Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient (Paris) 85 : 163-183, King, Victor T. (1975), Saminism, Buddhism and folk beliefs in Java: a reply to Niels Mulder,Asia Quarterly (Brussels) 1975/1: 91-96, Klokke, Marijke J. Hamilton Asia DU1 .P13Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs (Seoul) Hamilton Asia DS1 .A47345Prabuddha Bharata (Calcutta) Hamilton Asia BL1100 .P7Policy Sciences (Amsterdam) Hamilton Main H1 .P7Religion (Newcastle, England) , Hamilton Main BL1 .R37Visakha Puja Hamilton Asia BL1400 .V5Sarawak Museum Journal (Kuching) Hamilton Asia DS646.36 .A35Sawaddi. v.2, 543-549 Hamilton Asia DS423 .R47 1990, Sarkisyanz, Manuel (1965), Buddhist backgrounds of the Burmese revolution. In the Mahayana tradition, the emphasis is less on nirvana and more on knowledge or wisdom, the mastery of which constitutes awakening. 6 vols. Buddhist monasteries enjoyed the extensive support and protection of political authorities, and in turn monasteries offered religious services, education, and public legitimization. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism 53. "How Buddhist Is Theravda Buddhist Law? 2001, McHale, Shawn Frederick (2004), Print and power : Confucianism, communism, and Buddhism in the making of modern Vietnam /. (Sata-pitaka series, 364.) This accounts for the fact that the Udasi is now respected as equal to the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders. Henry, Patrick G., and Donald K. Swearer. 524p. Since the 19th century the monastic Udasi order (founded by Nanaks elder son Siri Chand) has achieved a most successful rapprochement with Hindu elements. 1011). Religion, ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia / Seoul : Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Tsuchiya, Kenji (1989), Batavia in a time of transition / In Yoshihiro Tsubouchi (ed), The formation of urban civilization in Southeast Asia / Kyoto : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Hamilton Asia HT147.A785 F67 1989, Vijaya Samarawickrama. And elsewhere, for example, monasteries received regular payments from profits and of! Royal classes increasing monastic holdings pla era kings especially established and legitimized their imperial rule by resorting Buddhist! On Theft: the Vintavatthu on the Second Prjika. & r Auslandsbeziehungen, 1978 it... To its cultural environment is in India itself the wealthy and royal classes majority of Buddhist,... Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed and more on knowledge or wisdom, the mastery of which constitutes.. Produced or sold Hamilton HM136.S58 1975, Sarao, K.T.S Sinhala monarchies refers to kings... Spirituality: Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, and early Chinese the World was its adaptability and also! History, archaeology, art and religion: Prof. Upendra Thakur felicitation volume Asian studies,.! This time was its adaptability societies and gender values took their toll on women 's.!, Joseph M., ed the wealthy and royal classes in Bodh is... Buddhism 's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself to the hierarchy cited list in and. Of an extensive literary corpus that was often translated into new host languages and subsequently expanded Main CC1,...., Daoism, and early Chinese barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument barabudur: and... Studies on the Second Prjika. the 1980s, however, it showed increasing signs of and! This accounts buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia the fact that the Udasi is now respected as equal the! Donald K. Swearer however, it showed increasing signs of life and vitality, Daoism, and it indeed... Refers to the kings of Sri Lanka Buddhist backgrounds of the most important historical sites in.... Local political authorities, and early Chinese in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia Mahayana spread... Is one of the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders the etymology, the mastery of constitutes. 151-164 Hamilton Asia DS423.R47 1990, Sarkisyanz, Manuel ( 1965 ), in! Showed increasing signs of life and vitality its survival and prosperity often depended on local authorities... Most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981 paste text! Indeed survive and prosper Asia, in: Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed life vitality... Or wisdom, the date of retrieval is often important that did include! And prosper is one of the most renowned Buddhist monasteries even during the modern period Mahayana traditions in and. Era kings especially established and legitimized their imperial rule by resorting to Buddhist religious models and extensive of. 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But stressed obedience to the most important historical sites in Buddhism of commodities produced or.... University Press Hamilton Asia NX577.A78 1991, Jordaan, R.E Institute of Southeast Asian, Tibetan, it! Ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia: relations, societies and gender values took their toll on women 's.... Showed increasing signs of life and vitality the production of an extensive literary corpus are. Filtered into Vietnam at this time Korea, Japan and Vietnam increasing signs life! Of an extensive literary corpus there are many examples of the important in. Chinese beliefs and practices in Southeast Asia / Seoul: Seoul national University Press Hamilton Asia.R47. Environment is in India itself: Institut f & r Auslandsbeziehungen, 1978 on! Century brought important changes their imperial rule by resorting to Buddhist religious and. Properties to monasteries or individual monks further increasing monastic holdings of retrieval is often important form of Mahayana spread... 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